Rather than merely "surviving" Soviet rule, Islam in Central Asia shaped, and was shaped by, the social and political context of Communism. Relying on recently declassified Central Asian archival sources, most of them never seen before by historians, Soviet and Muslim offers a radical new reading of Islam's resilience and evolution under atheist rule. Eren Tasar tells the story of how the Soviet state, formally committed to eradicating religion and spreading atheism, shaped Islam in Central Asia in surprising ways. Based on a treasure trove of newly declassified documents in multiple languages, Soviet and Muslim transforms our understanding of the complexities of governing Muslim life and institutions. It will be read with great profit by scholars interested in Soviet history, Central Asia, and the global dimensions of Islam.