Luca Mocarelli is Professor in Economic History at the University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy. He is President of the International Association for Alpine History, Vice President of the Italian Association of Urban History and a member of the management committee of the Italian Society of Historical Demography. His research focuses on labour, environmental and markets history. Giulio Ongaro is Researcher in Economic History at the University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy. He is a member of the management committee of the European Rural History Organisation and a coordinator of research groups within the European Labour History Network and the Italian Society of Labour History. His research focuses on the Republic of Venice and the Papal States in the early modern period.