Six chapters on Vesicoureteral Reflux are included in this book. The first chapter explores the potential of uEVs as noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosing VUR, monitoring its progression, and determining the extent of kidney damage. Chapter Two investigates the Russian Federation's diagnostic and treatment requirements for vesicoureteral reflux in children. Chapter Three goes on to discuss the treatment regimens for spinal neurogenic bladder and its complications - vesicoureteral reflux. The fourth chapter is a clinical observation - the medical history of a 6-year-old girl with combined pelvic organ dysfunction, characterized by hyperactive bladder syndrome and constipation. Another clinical case is presented in Chapter 5, this time with an 8-year-old patient suffering from recurrent urinary tract infection. In Chapter Six, a rehabilitation program for the restoration of bladder function and the conservative treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children who have previously been operated on for anorectal malformations is provided.