The Federal Highway Administration established the Development of Crash Modification Factors (DCMF) Program in 2012 to address safety research needs for evaluating new and innovative safety strategies. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate the effectiveness of pedestrian countdown signals (PCSs) in reducing pedestrian crashes. Effective pedestrian lighting installations are a means of addressing the vulnerability of pedestrians during dark conditions and improving the safety and security of all road users spanning different ages and abilities, including wheelchair and other mobility device users as reported in chapter 3. Chapter 4 examines what is known about the relationship between vehicle characteristics and pedestrian fatalities and injuries and the approaches automakers have taken to address pedestrian safety.